![]() ![]() The US research agency DARPA launched at this time the biotechnology research program ADEPT to develop emerging technologies for the US military. īioNTech in 2008, and Moderna in 2010, were founded to develop mRNA biotechnologies. Clinical trial results of an mRNA vaccine directly injected into the body against cancer cells were reported in 2008. Four years later, the successful use of modified nucleosides as a method to transport mRNA inside cells without setting off the body's defense system was reported. The first human clinical trial using ex vivo dendritic cells transfected with mRNA encoding tumor antigens ( therapeutic cancer mRNA vaccine) was started in 2001. The next year mRNA encoding a tumor antigen was shown to elicit a similar immune response against cancer cells in mice. The method was used in mice to elicit both a humoral and cellular immune response against a viral pathogen. The following year self-amplifying mRNA was developed by including both a viral antigen and replicase encoding gene. Liposome-encapsulated mRNA encoding a viral antigen was shown in 1993 to stimulate T cells in mice. These studies were the first evidence that in vitro transcribed mRNA with a chosen gene was able to deliver the genetic information to produce a desired protein within living cell tissue and led to the concept proposal of messenger RNA vaccines. "Naked" (or unprotected) lab-made mRNA was injected a year later into the muscle of mice. The first successful transfection of designed mRNA packaged within a liposomal nanoparticle into a cell was published in 1989. History Early research Timeline of some key discoveries and advances in the development of mRNA-based drug technology The 2023 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to Katalin Karikó and Drew Weissman for the development of effective mRNA vaccines against COVID-19. On 11 December, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued an emergency use authorization for the Pfizer–BioNTech vaccine and a week later similarly authorized the Moderna vaccine. ![]() On 2 December, the UK Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) became the first medicines regulator to approve an mRNA vaccine, authorizing the Pfizer–BioNTech vaccine for widespread use. In December 2020, Pfizer–BioNTech and Moderna obtained authorization for their mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccines. In RNA therapeutics, messenger RNA vaccines have attracted considerable interest as COVID-19 vaccines. While some messenger RNA vaccines, such as the Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine, have the disadvantage of requiring ultracold storage before distribution, other mRNA vaccines, such as the Moderna, CureVac, and Walvax COVID-19 vaccines, do not have such requirements. The advantages of mRNA vaccines over traditional vaccines are ease of design, speed and lower cost of production, the induction of both cellular and humoral immunity, and lack of interaction with the genomic DNA. People susceptible to an autoimmune response may have an adverse reaction to messenger RNA vaccines. Reactogenicity, the tendency of a vaccine to produce adverse reactions, is similar to that of conventional non-RNA vaccines. Video showing how vaccination with an mRNA vaccine works The mRNA is delivered by a co-formulation of the RNA encapsulated in lipid nanoparticles that protect the RNA strands and help their absorption into the cells. These protein molecules stimulate an adaptive immune response that teaches the body to identify and destroy the corresponding pathogen or cancer cells. The vaccine delivers molecules of antigen-encoding mRNA into immune cells, which use the designed mRNA as a blueprint to build foreign protein that would normally be produced by a pathogen (such as a virus) or by a cancer cell. MRNA in vitro transcription, innate and adaptive immunity activationĪn mRNA vaccine is a type of vaccine that uses a copy of a molecule called messenger RNA (mRNA) to produce an immune response. ![]()
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